Books, chapters & papers

Hameroff, S.R., Satsangi, P.S., & Sahni, V. (Eds.). Consciousness: Integrating Eastern and Western Perspectives. New Delhi: New Age Books, 2016.

Penrose, R., Hameroff, S.R., Stapp, H.P., Chopra, D., & Kak, S. Consciousness and the Universe: Quantum Physics, Evolution, Brain & Mind. Journal of Cosmology, 2011.

Hameroff, S.R., Kaszniak, A.W., & Chalmers, D. (Eds.). Toward a Science of Consciousness III: The Third Tucson Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press / Bradford Books, 1999.

Hameroff, S.R., Kaszniak, A.W., & Scott, A.C. (Eds.). Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press / Bradford Books, 1998.

Hameroff, S.R., Kaszniak, A.W., & Scott, A.C. (Eds.). Toward a Science of Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press / Bradford Books, 1996.

Koruga, D.L., Hameroff, S.R., Withers, J., Loutfy, R., & Sundareshan, M. C60 Fullerene – From Nanobiology to Nanotechnology. Amsterdam: Elsevier–North Holland, 1993.

Hameroff, S.R. Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and NanoTechnology. Amsterdam: Elsevier–North Holland, 1987.

Hameroff, S. A brief history of consciousness. In On the Mystery of Being: Contemporary Insights on the Convergence of Science and Spirituality. SAND Anthology, New Harbinger Publications, 2019.

Craddock, T.J., Kurian, P., Tuszynski, J.A., & Hameroff, S.R. Quantum Processes in Neurophotonics and the Origin of the Brain's Spatiotemporal Hierarchy. In R.R. Alfano & L. Shi (Eds.), Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy (189–213). Elsevier, 2019.

Satsangi, P.S., Hameroff, S., & Sahni, V. Does Consciousness Guide the Universe? In Consciousness: Integrating Eastern and Western Perspectives (351–373). New Age Books, 2016.

Hameroff, S. The Quantum Origin of Life – How the brain evolved to feel good. In M. Tibayrenc & F. Ayala (Eds.), On Human Nature. Academic Press, 2016.

Craddock, T., Hameroff, S., & Tuszynski, J.A. The 'Quantum Underground': Where Life and Consciousness Originate. In R. Poznanski, J.A. Tuszynski & T.E. Feinberg (Eds.), The Biophysics of Consciousness – Foundational Approaches (Ch. 13). World Scientific, 2016.

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Consciousness in the Universe: An Updated Review of the 'Orch OR' Theory. In R. Poznanski, J.A. Tuszynski & T.E. Feinberg (Eds.), The Biophysics of Consciousness: A Foundational Approach (517–599; Ch. 14). World Scientific, 2016. ↗ view source

Ebner, M., & Hameroff, S. Modeling Figure/Ground Separation with a 'Mobile Zone' of Laterally-Connected Spiking Neurons. In I. Roterman-Konieczna (Ed.), Simulation in Medicine: Preclinical and Clinical Approach. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2015.

Alfonseca, M., Ortega, M. de la Cruz, Hameroff, S.R., & Lahoz-Beltra, R. A Model of Quantum-von Neumann Hybrid Cellular Automata: Principles and simulation of quantum coherent superposition and decoherence in cytoskeletal microtubules. In Quantum Information and Computation (22–36). Rinton Press, 2015.

Hameroff, S. Consciousness, Free Will and Quantum Brain Biology – The 'Orch OR' Theory. In A. Corradini & U. Meixner (Eds.), Quantum Physics Meets the Philosophy of Mind (99–134). Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.

Hameroff, S., Pylkkanen, P., & Gennaro, R. 'HOT to DOT' – A 'Deeper Order Thought' theory of consciousness. In D. Chopra (Ed.), Brain, Mind, Cosmos: The Nature of Our Existence and the Universe (Ch. 15). Sages and Scientists, 2014.

Sanguinetti, J.L., Smith, E., Allen, J.J.B., & Hameroff, S. Human Brain Stimulation with Transcranial Ultrasound: Potential Applications for Mental Health. In Bioelectromagnetic and Subtle Energy Medicine (355–360; 2nd ed.). CRC Press, 2014.

Hameroff, S.R. 'That's Life' – The geometry of pi electron resonance clouds. In D. Abbott, P. Davies & A.K. Pati (Eds.), Quantum Aspects of Life. Imperial College Press, 2007.

Hameroff, S.R. Consciousness, neurobiology and quantum mechanics: The case for a connection. In J. Tuszynski (Ed.), The Emerging Physics of Consciousness. Springer, 2004.

Hameroff, S.R., & Tuszynski, J. Search for quantum and classical modes of information processing in microtubules: Implications for the living state. In F. Musumeci & M.-W. Ho (Eds.), Bioenergetic Organization in Living Systems. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003.

Hameroff, S.R. Time, consciousness and quantum events in fundamental spacetime geometry. In R. Buccheri & M. Saniga (Eds.), The Nature of Time: Physics, Geometry and Perception (Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop), 2003.

Hameroff, S.R. Consciousness, Whitehead and quantum computation in the brain: Panprotopsychism meets the physics of fundamental spacetime geometry. In M. Weber (Ed.), Whitehead Process Network Compendium, 2003.

Hameroff, S.R., & Woolf, N.J. Quantum consciousness: A cortical neural circuit. In N. Osaka (Ed.), Neural Basis of Consciousness (167–200). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

Hameroff, S. Biological feasibility of quantum approaches to consciousness – The Penrose-Hameroff 'Orch OR' model. In P. van Looke (Ed.), The Physical Nature of Consciousness (1–61). John Benjamins, 2001.

Hameroff, S.R. Anesthesia. In J. Brockman (Ed.), Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years (94–98). Simon and Schuster, 1999.

Hameroff, S.R. Did Consciousness Cause the Cambrian Evolutionary Explosion? In S.R. Hameroff, A.W. Kaszniak & A.C. Scott (Eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness II – The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates (421–437). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.

Hameroff, S.R. Funda-Mental geometry: The Penrose-Hameroff 'Orch OR' model of consciousness. In N.S.A. Huggett, L.J. Mason, K.P. Tod, S.T. Tsou & N.M.J. Woodhouse (Eds.), The Geometric Universe – Science, Geometry and the Work of Roger Penrose (135–160), 1998.

Hameroff, S. More neural than thou (A reply to Patricia Churchland). In Toward a Science of Consciousness II (197–213). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.

Hameroff, S., & Scott, A. A Sonoran Afternoon – Discussion on the relevance of quantum theory to consciousness. In Toward a Science of Consciousness II (635–643). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.

Hameroff, S. Consciousness Studies: An overview. In C. Taddei-Ferretti & C. Musio (Eds.), Neuronal and Psychological Aspects of Consciousness (Series on Biophysics and Biocybernetics, Vol. 8) (3–13). World Scientific, 1997.

Hameroff, S.R. Quantum computing in microtubules: an intra-neural correlate of consciousness? Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 1997;4(3):67–92.

Hameroff, S. Quantum computing in microtubules: The Penrose-Hameroff Orch OR Model. In C. Taddei-Ferretti & C. Musio (Eds.), Neuronal and Psychological Aspects of Consciousness (Vol. 8) (479–506). World Scientific, 1997.

Louria, D., & Hameroff, S. Computer simulation of anesthetic binding in protein hydrophobic pockets. In S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak & A. Scott (Eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness – The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Conscious events as orchestrated space-time selections. In D. Chalmers & J. Shear (Eds.), Explaining Consciousness – The 'Hard Problem' of Conscious Experience, 1996.

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: a model for consciousness. In S. Hameroff, A. Kaszniak & A. Scott (Eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness – The First Tucson Discussions and Debates (507–540). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Boswell, M.V., & Hameroff, S.R. Theoretical mechanisms of general anesthesia. In V.J. Collins (Ed.), Principles of Anesthesiology, 3rd ed., Vol. 3: The Physiologic and Pharmacologic Basis of Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1996.

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: a model for consciousness? In J. King & K. Pribram (Eds.), Scales in Conscious Experience: Is the brain too important to be left to specialists to study? (243–274). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.

Hameroff, S.R., Polson, J.S., & Watt, R.C. Monitoring Anesthetic Depth. In C. Blitt (Ed.), Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, 3rd ed. (491–507). Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

Hameroff, S., Rasmussen, S., & Mansson, B. Molecular automata in microtubules: basic computational logic of the living state. In C. Langton (Ed.), Artificial Life: SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (521–553). New York: Addison-Wesley, 1988.

Hameroff, S. Quantum state reduction and consciousness – which comes first? In S. Klein, C. Cochran, A. de Barros & C. Montemayor (Eds.), Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics – The Work of Henry Stapp. Springer (submitted).

Hameroff, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Lauretta, D.S. Microtubules are 'Fractal Time Crystals': Implications for Life and Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2026;33(1). ↗ view source

Mochel, F., et al. (incl. Hameroff, S.). Connections between physics and metabolism in brain functions. iScience, 2026. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Consciousness Is Quantum State Reduction Which Creates the Flow of Time. Timing & Time Perception, 2023. ↗ view source

Kalra, A.P., Benny, A., Travis, S.M., … Hameroff, S.R., Penrose, R., & Scholes, G.D. Electronic Energy Migration in Microtubules. ACS Central Science, 2023;9(3) (published version of arXiv:2208.10628). ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Consciousness, Cognition and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton – A New Paradigm Needed in Neuroscience. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 2022;15:869935. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. 'Orch OR' is the most complete, and most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020 (published online 24 Nov 2020). ↗ view source

Hameroff's own statement of the theory's falsifiability — the anchor for a future Predictions & Open Questions page.

Craddock, T.J.A., Kurian, P., Preto, J., Sahu, K., Hameroff, S.R., Klobukowski, M., & Tuszynski, J.A. Anesthetic Alterations of Collective Terahertz Oscillations in Tubulin Correlate with Clinical Potency: Implications for Anesthetic Action and Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Scientific Reports, 2017. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Change the Music: Psychotherapy and Brain Vibrations. The Neuropsychotherapist, 2016;4(4):31–35. ↗ view source

Craddock, T.J.A., Hameroff, S.R., Ayoub, A.T., Klobukowski, M., & Tuszynski, J.A. Anesthetics act in quantum channels in brain microtubules to prevent consciousness. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2015;15(6):523–533. ↗ view source

Craddock, T.J.A., Friesen, D., Mane, J., Hameroff, S., & Tuszynski, J.A. The Feasibility of Coherent Energy Transfer in Microtubules. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2014;11(100). ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Consciousness in the universe: A review of the 'Orch OR' theory. Physics of Life Reviews, 2014;11(1):39–78. ↗ view source

The fullest published statement of the Penrose–Hameroff theory.

Hameroff, S.R., Craddock, T.J., & Tuszynski, J.A. Quantum effects in the understanding of consciousness. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 2014;13(2):229–252. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Quantum walks in brain microtubules – a biomolecular basis for quantum cognition? Topics in Cognitive Science, 2014;6(1):91–97. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Reply to Criticism of the 'Orch OR qubit' – Orchestrated objective reduction is scientifically justified. Physics of Life Reviews, 2014;11(1):104–112. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Reply to Seven Commentaries on 'Consciousness in the Universe: Review of the Orch OR theory'. Physics of Life Reviews, 2014;11:94–100. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Consciousness, Microtubules and 'Orch-OR': A 'Space-time' Odyssey. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2014;21(3–4):126–153. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S.R. Quantum mathematical cognition requires quantum brain biology: the 'Orch OR' theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2013;36(3):287–290. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., Trakas, M., Duffield, C., Annabi, E., Gerace, M.B., Boyle, P., Lucas, A., Amos, Q., Buadu, A., & Badal, J.J. Transcranial ultrasound (TUS) effects on mental states: a pilot study. Brain Stimulation, 2013;6(3):409–415. ↗ view source

Craddock, T., Tuszynski, J., & Hameroff, S. Cytoskeletal Signaling: Is Memory Encoded in Microtubule Lattices by CaMKII Phosphorylation? PLoS Computational Biology, 2012. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. How quantum brain biology can rescue conscious free will. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 2012;6:93. ↗ view source

Craddock, T.J., St. George, M., Freedman, H., Barakat, K., Damaraju, S., Hameroff, S., & Tuszynski, J.A. Computational Predictions of Volatile Anesthetic Interactions with the Microtubule Cytoskeleton: Implications for Side Effects of General Anesthesia. PLoS One, 2012. ↗ view source

Craddock, T.J., Tuszynski, J.A., Chopra, D., Casey, N., Goldstein, L.E., Hameroff, S.R., & Tanzi, R.E. The Zinc Dyshomeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One, 2012;7(3). ↗ view source

Penrose, R., & Hameroff, S.R. Consciousness in the Universe: Neuroscience, Quantum Space-Time Geometry and Orch OR Theory. Journal of Cosmology, 2011;14. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S.R. The entwined mysteries of anesthesia and consciousness: Is there a common underlying mechanism? Anesthesiology, 2006;105(2):400–412. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: A model for consciousness. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 1996;40(3–4):453–480. ↗ view source

The foundational Orch OR paper.

Kalra, A.P., Hameroff, S., Tuszynski, J., Dogariu, A., Nicolas, S., & Gross, P.J. Anesthetic gas effects on quantum vibrations in microtubules – Testing the Orch OR theory of consciousness. OSF, 2022. ↗ view source

Kalra, A.P., Benny, A., Travis, S.M., Zizzi, E.A., Morales-Sanchez, A., Oblinsky, D.G., Craddock, T.J.A., Hameroff, S.R., MacIver, M.B., Tuszynski, J.A., Petry, S., Penrose, R., & Scholes, G.D. Electronic Energy Migration in Microtubules. arXiv:2208.10628, 2022. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. 'Smear campaign' at the crossroad of consciousness and spacetime geometry (Comment). Physics of Life Reviews, 2023. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S.R. Anesthetic action and 'quantum consciousness': A match made in olive oil (Editorial Views). Anesthesiology, 2018;129(2):228–231. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Comment on L. Turin et al., 'Electron spin change during general anesthesia'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2014. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Comment on 'Dissipation of dark energy by cortex in knowledge retrieval' by Capolupo, Freeman & Vitiello. Physics of Life Reviews, 2013;10(1):95–96. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S. Quantum brain biology complements neuronal assembly approaches to consciousness: Comment on 'Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses' by Baars & Edelman. Physics of Life Reviews, 2012;9(3):303–305. ↗ view source

Tipu, S., Katiyar, S., Banishetty, S., Singh, P., Dutta, T., Ranjan, R., Hameroff, S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. MHz Triplet of Triplet Sinusoidal Signal as Marker of Consciousness Not Triplet Alone; Germinated Seeds Resemble Coma GCS 3.0: Living Cells Don't Show MHz Triplets. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Springer, 2026. ↗ view source

Banishetty, S., Katiyar, S., Tipu, S., Singh, P., Dutta, T., Ranjan, R., Hameroff, S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. Rectangular Nature of Megahertz Bursts Naturally Eliminates Operation Theater's Sinusoidal Noises Affecting Anesthetized Subjects: A Clinical Study. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Springer, 2026. ↗ view source

Hameroff, S., & Tuszynski, J. Quantum states in proteins and protein assemblies. Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Fluctuations and Noise, Canary Islands, 2004.

Hameroff, S.R. Cytoplasmic Gel States and Ordered Water: Possible Roles in Biological Quantum Coherence. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Advanced Water Sciences Symposium, Dallas, TX, 1996.

Pribram, K., Hameroff, S.R., & Koruga, D. Sub-Neural Mechanisms. Toward a Science of Consciousness (TSC) I, Tucson, Arizona, 1994.

Hameroff, S., Karampurwala, H., & Rasmussen, S. Adaptive behavior in sub-neural microtubule automata. IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (3:715–720). IEEE, 1990.